<img src='https://scrapbox.io/api/pages/nishio-en/o3-mini-high/icon' alt='o3-mini-high.icon' height="19.5"/>The &quot;ladder of participation&quot; proposed by <a href="/en/Shelley%20Arnstein">Shelley Arnstein</a> in 1969 is a conceptual model that shows the extent to which citizens influence decision-making.
Summary
<h2>8-step model</h2>
.
<ul>
<li>Subordinate:
<ol>
<li>manipulation</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Therapy</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>→ A situation in which citizens are only formally involved and do not influence actual decision-making.
</li>
<li>Medium:
<ul>
<li>Informing</li>
</ul>
<ol start="4">
<li>consultation</li>
<li>minor facilitation (Placation)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>→ Citizens are asked for input, but still do not have the final say.
</li>
<li>Top:
<ol start="6">
<li>partnership</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Delegated Power</li>
</ul>
<ol start="8">
<li>citizen control</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>→ A state in which citizens are involved in substantive decision-making and share or retain power.
</li>
</ul>
Significance
<ul>
<li>Provides a perspective to evaluate forms of <a href="/en/citizen%20participation">citizen participation</a> by their quality and effectiveness, rather than simply &quot;participating&quot; or &quot;not participating.</li>
<li>It is an indicator of true democratic participation in policy making and community development.</li>
</ul>
<h2>This model is an important framework for asking how much participation is actually realized in terms of impact, rather than just formal participation.</h2>
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