self-assurance
According to 2017 survey data (from the National Institution for Youth Education's "High School Students' Mental and Physical Health Attitudes Survey"), 45% of high school students in Japan and 84% in the United States answered "yes" to the question, "I think I am a valuable person."
- Originator of "[self-respect](/en/self-respect) / [self-assessment](/en/self-assessment) ([self-esteem](/en/self-esteem))" in academic psychology → [William James](/en/William%20James) (1890). Defined as "self-respect = success/ambition (pretensions)."
- The original empirical research and measurement → [Morris Rosenberg](/en/Morris%20Rosenberg)'s (1965) 10-item scale (RSES).
- Originator of "self-affirmation" as a Japanese term → [Chuichiro Takagaki](/en/Chuichiro%20Takagaki) (advocated and popularized in his writings around 1994).
- Supplementation.
- In Japanese administrative and educational contexts, it is treated as "a translation of [self-esteem](/en/self-esteem) = self-esteem," and "self-affirmation" is used almost synonymously (but the terminology is shaky).
- [Self-affirmation theory is another concept by Claude Steele (1988) (often confused).
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