>We introduce Plural Management, a model for partially replacing hierarchical organizational authority with plural mechanisms allowing networked authority. Participants earn influence by anticipating and fulfilling organizational priorities and harness this influence to set priorities and validate contributions, fostering a dynamic, merit-based power structure. This approach, which we illustrate with the example of open-source software development, emphasizes valued contributions and diligence without requiring hierarchical choke points, thereby enhancing participation and allowing adaptive collective intelligence.
>The standard dichotomy between the rigidity of hierarchi- cal organizations and the fluidity of flat configurations is a basic challenge for organization design. Traditional hier- archies with clear command structures are still the norm but are often seen as stifling the dynamic capabilities or- ganizations need to thrive in today’s complex landscape. Conversely, flat structures, while inclusive and dynamic, often struggle to maintain coherent direction, momentum, and accountability, often falling into the “tyranny of structurelessness” (Ostrom and Hess, 2011).
>The classic alternative to this dichotomy is the use of markets (Hamel and Zanini, 2020; Coase, 1995). Yet, a critical role of firms is to create internal partially public goods and take advantage of increasing returns, which markets generally do not efficiently supply (Samuelson, 1995). Thus Groves (1973) and Groves and Loeb (1979) argued for using public goods mechanisms to organize pro- duction inside firms in lieu of hierarchies and markets. Yet, these mechanisms have typically been seen as cum- bersome and impractical.
>Recently, however, variants on these public good mech- anisms, especially Quadratic Voting (Lalley et al., 2016) and Quadratic Funding (Buterin et al., 2019), have been increasingly broadly and successfully applied1. This pa- per seeks to harness these advances to return to Groves’s agenda and outline a framework we call “Plural Manage- ment” that combines these with other successful mechanisms to mimic many features of organizational authority and collaboration without requiring simplistic hierarchy.
>Traditional hierarchical management systems, the backbone of modern corporate and organizational struc- ture, are predicated on power dynamics that traditionally follow a top-down approach (Drucker, 1974). Employees within such systems often climb the ladder by demon- strating value through hard work and alignment of their actions with a culture articulated by those in authority, a practice sometimes pejoratively caricatured as ‘sucking up.’ Detractors note that such practices can suppress cre- ativity, reduce employee engagement, create bottlenecks in decision-making, and often result in the underutiliza- tion of talent at lower levels of the organization.
>At the other end of the spectrum, the absence of struc- tured management has its pitfalls, such as the ‘tyranny of structurelessness,’ where the lack of clear roles and re- sponsibilities can lead to chaos, inefficiency, and the emer- gence of informal and often unaccountable power struc- tures (Friedman, 2007). Striking a balance between overly rigid hierarchies and a complete lack of structure has been a complex endeavor. Several innovative manage- ment approaches have been proposed and widely imple- mented, such as flat organizations that minimize hierar- chical levels (Laloux, 2014), holacracy which distributes decision-making through overlapping teams (Robertson, 2015), and sociocracy which emphasizes consensus in gov- ernance (Buck and Endenburg, 2012). Each of these mod- els seeks to address the limitations of traditional hierarchy by promoting a more egalitarian and adaptive approach (Rothschild and Whitt, 1986). None, however, has the mechanistic clarity of either markets or hierarchies, ar- guably undermining their capacity to avoid the challenges Freeman highlights. We aim to harness advances in plural mechanism design to fill this lacuna.
>In the proposed model, management credits serve as a dynamic ledger of contribution and influence. Internal, non-financial credits are initially assigned based on role or past contributions and are subsequently earned through direct contributions and triage. The expenditure of these credits in setting priorities and approving contributions is governed by a quadratic cost function, steering towards optimal public goods outcomes by avoiding excessive dom- inance of those with greater authority. Prediction markets are used to encourage those with limited authority to act as “analysts”, helping authorities triage contributions, and dynamic evolution of priorities on unaddressed tasks act as a sort of dynamic auction-like bounty system to en- sure tasks are addressed in a timely and well-prioritized manner.
>We thus aim to combine the flexibility and dynamism of flat structures, the clear and transparent incentives of markets, and the collective orientation and strategic di- rection provided by traditional management. While for concreteness we focus on a fully specified design that will be deployed in several near-term applications that we dis- cuss, we fully expect significant further improvement on these mechanisms as we discuss in the conclusion and thus aim to suggest as much a general structure for combining mechanisms to achieve this synthesis as the specific design we use to illustrate this structure.
>The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Sec- tion 2 presents the Plural Management Protocol, detail- ing the high-level description of the system, roles within the ecosystem, and the processes of earning and spending management credits. It goes on to discuss the practical ap- plication of the Plural Management system in the context of open-source software development, illustrating how it can help address long-standing problems of management in open-source projects as they scale. Section 3 elabo- rates on this to provide a more detailed technical version of the protocol suitable for implementation. In Section 4, we provide a detailed analysis of the protocol properties, examining the voting and prediction behaviors and the optimal parameter choices within the system. Lastly, Sec- tion 5 examines some implications of such a protocol and highlights the open questions and future work it presents.
>There are three roles in the ecosystem: workers, who make direct contributions to an organization; managers, who determine what work is important and whether a piece of work is of acceptable quality; and administrators, who can determine system properties to sway behavior. Im- portantly, an individual can act in multiple of these roles at any given time and in relation to multiple other indi- viduals; no role is fixed and members of an organization are encouraged to act in a diversity of roles with respect to a diversity of other individuals.
>Instead of a set of hierarchical roles assigned to an in- dividual, each person has a set of management credits for this organization. These credits allow an individual to ex- ercise authority in decision-making and be recognized for contributions made. We walk through each step where credits are gained and spent. These credits are specific only to a particular organization, project, or community and have no value outside of it; in this sense they are similar to a “community” or “artificial” currency (Blanc, 2018). As we discuss later, these credits cannot be traded externally; they serve only to control the flow of dynamic management potential.
>Consider an organization that has an issue board where all major tasks or initiatives to be completed are listed (similar to open-source issue trackers as in subsection 2.1). Individuals with management credits can set priorities for an organization by assigning a priority value for an is- sue using credits. The priority on an issue is not simply the sum of the credits assigned to it, but instead may be matched by a matching pool (provided by individuals in their role as administrators) consistent with practical ap- plications of Quadratic Funding, as we will discuss further below.
>An individual may perform the role of a worker and provide a solution to an issue in the form of a contri- bution. If this contribution is accepted, the worker will receive credits proportional to the total number of cred- its assigned in the priority setting. In essence, from a worker’s perspective, the ‘bounty’ attached to an issue may go up over time similar to a reverse Dutch auction, until a sufficient reward is offered to compensate the cost to the worker of addressing the issue, though there is not a necessary guarantee that the reward will increase over time.
> Once a contribution has been made, it goes to a con- tribution vote. In this vote individuals can expend man- agement credits to vote if the contribution should be ap- proved or not. If the vote passes, the worker is rewarded; if not, the issue returns to the board (wherein managers can increase the priority to provide a higher bounty). This vote is done quadratically, this ensures a balanced impact between individuals with varying credit amounts.
>In addition to casting a vote, each individual can choose to ‘bet’ the number of credits they used to vote that their prediction of acceptance or rejection will suc- ceed. If correct, this bet will pay out double the credits used to vote. This vote prediction allows individuals to be rewarded for correctly anticipating the desires of the full community. We introduce a prediction subsidy parameter that can be set by administrators for each contribution vote that reduces the cost of voting and increases the re- ward from betting. By default, voting and then betting on this is strictly unprofitable. However, in many cases, ad- ministrators may wish to increase the subsidy to allow op- portunities for individuals who can anticipate community needs to gain authority. For example, providing a subsidy can incent individuals with fewer management credits to participate in votes that would otherwise be costly, which means that a larger crowd of individuals is performing due diligence on contributions. If many contributions are being made in a large organization, this is akin to reward- ing individuals for administrative processing that “triages” contributions and thus surfaces important divisive votes to managers with more authority.
> Put together, these two systems of quadratic agenda setting and hybrid voting-prediction can create a dynamic system of management, where contributions are rewarded in proportion to their public good demand when the broader organization collectively approves of them and individuals who have developed a robust understanding or model of the community preferences are rewarded and empowered for supporting administrative processes.
> Although the plural management protocol can be applied across a wide range of organizations and communities, it has particular relevance to the world of open-source soft- ware and other spaces where peer production is common (Benkler, 2017). Far from being a niche industry, git- based open-source powers over 93% of all modern soft- ware applications (Daigle, 2023), and already operates via community models of governance, where contributions in the form of code are assessed for quality and relevance before being merged into existing work. Despite these im- portant contributions, open-source communities are well- known for their governance and management challenges, documented most famously by Eghbal (2020) and includ- ing the following:
> 1. While the contributions of open-source contributors are recorded, recognition is hard to track/trace be- cause contributions are not clearly valued in relation to higher-level ob jectives. This reduces motivation and sustainability.
> 2. While contributions to open source projects are gen- erally open and participatory, management (often called “maintenance”) of them usually falls in the hands of a “benevolent dictator for life”, contradict- ing the underlying democratic values and leading those who dissent to “fork” projects, fragmenting ef- forts.
> 3. Worse, the inability to leverage distributed participation to assist in management makes projects large burdens on maintainers, who begin projects with high motivation but are forced to maintain their quality for years after, forcing them to triage increasing volumes of contributions of dubious quality with little community support.
> 4. Especially as they grow and are more broadly used, potential directions for improvement of a project grow exponentially and there is typically little clar- ity on what improvements are most needed by users, leading to projects that have too many features and insufficient usability.
> By offering greater clarity and empowerment to con- tributors, plural management can help founders to slowly transition management authority to those who prove their merit by contributing code, diligence, or support in a way that is measurably valuable to the community in question. Since the model is lightweight, iterative, and self-directed, it is well suited for commonly used agile environments and tools of the kinds often used by open-source communities. Consider the most popular open-source hosting plat- form GitHub. For any given project there is a reposi- tory of code, set up by an administrator or maintainer, within which any contributor is listed as a member. At- tached to this repository is an Issues section (extremely similar to our described issue board, just without any ex- plicit priorities assigned numerically). Anyone on GitHub can create a contribution on this board in the form of a ‘pull request’ (shorted to PR) that aims to address one or more outstanding issues. After the pull request is dis- cussed in a comment section, the community can decide whether to accept or reject it, and in turn, maintainers can add or ‘merge’ the contribution into the repository. Using Plural Management, with minimal changes to workflows, any maintainer or administrator could set priority tags on GitHub, associate a price in credits, and in turn drive more contributions to their repository as a first step in eventually improving their bus factor from the low average of two (Metabase, 2022).
> It’s worth noting for the general case that, while contributions are typically code, anything could be made a PR. For example, if someone were to be appointed to the social media manager for a project, an issue stating the need for a social media manager could be made, and when someone is to be appointed, a simple PR adding the name of the person to the community notes could be made by the new social media manager. If the community votes to approve this new role, the social media manager will now be rewarded with additional management credits reflect- ing their new role.
>A tangible example of the use of plural management be- yond the usual open-source context is the plurality book, an open, git-based experiment around collective author- ship. Initiated by E. Glen Weyl and Audrey Tang, 50 members around the world have contributed to the book, Plurality: The Future of Collaborative Technology and Democracy without any expectation of reward. Using the plural management protocol, this project seeks to tran- sition ownership over future improvements to the book incrementally, including updates to content, translations, and further links to relevant materials. Over time, those who have contributed most meaningfully will therefore help guide not just the book but the field of research itself.
>プルーラル・マネジメントの使用例として、通常のオープンソースの文脈を超えた具体的な例が「Plurality Book」です。これは集団著作を巡るオープンでGitベースの実験で、E.グレン・ウェイルとオードリー・タンによって開始されました。世界中の50人のメンバーが、報酬を期待せずに「Plurality: The Future of Collaborative Technology and Democracy」という本に貢献しています。プルーラル・マネジメント・プロトコルを使用して、このプロジェクトは本への将来的な改善、コンテンツの更新、翻訳、関連資料へのさらなるリンクなど、徐々に所有権を移行することを目指しています。時間の経過とともに、最も意味のある貢献をした人々が、本だけでなく研究分野自体の指針となることが期待されます。
>Consider an undergraduate student of political econ- omy at a lesser-known university. Seeing a typo, she opens up an issue and submits a PR. This action does not net many credits during voting, but the small number she is given allows her to begin participating in priority setting. Motivated, she continues searching for opportuni- ties to contribute and recognizes that an outstanding issue around additional content for a chapter could benefit from her thesis work. She submits a PR on the board to add a number of key references that get cited in the book and is rewarded with significant credits.
The Plurality Bookに、あんまり我田引水じゃない世界の人にちゃんとメリットがある形で日本の事例とかを提供できるといいなと思う
>Given the existing challenges of inclusion within the post-secondary context, without the permissionless and community-judged power structure afforded by plural management such a student may never have had the op- portunity to participate in such work (Gvozdanović and Maes, 2018).
>The plural management protocol describes two key ac- tivities: a prioritization subsystem and an approval sub- system. These subsystems exist jointly and constitute a broader organizational structure, where individuals earn management credits that can be used to perform actions. These credits can be initially distributed when an organi- zation is established and are naturally distributed to new members as they participate (in effect lessening the con- trol of founders over time). The credit can be stored in any simple ledger that can be amended over time when interacting with the protocol.
> There are many additional considerations surrounding the sharing, control, and visibility of these management credits. For example, should an organization dynamically run on management credits to make the score of every member public (in essence creating a ranking of implicit authority)? Should individuals be able to directly send management credits to another member (this would ease the setup challenges for new members and allow old mem- bers to gracefully leave, but could also reduce meritocracy and result in off-the-books gambling or scheming)? We re- turn to these open questions in our conclusion.
>The first subsystem to consider is the priority-setting step via the issue board. Every major task or strategic challenge should be assigned an issue on the board, simi- lar to how most open-source projects operate in GitHub.
> Each member can spend a portion of their management credits on priority setting. This is done dynamically and members can add or withdraw credits from each issue at any time. For each member who sets a priority to an issue by assigning Pi credits, we sum over the square roots of their priority and take the total square to find the total issue priority. Hence, the quadratic priority for issue j is (equation) . This is exactly akin to quadratic funding, from which we further draw on the idea of a matching fund. A matching fund is generated from credits used in voting or further increased by a large man- agement credit holder (such as an early founding member) who may choose to assign funds as a matching pool to dis- tribute to new contributors as incentives to join.
> In reality, a matching fund may not always have sufficient credits to fully subsidize the quadratic priority. To address this, the total contribution payout (CP) is adjusted proportionally to the matching fund2.
> When a contribution is made to address an issue, the payout should be frozen for that issue3. The contribution then goes to a vote as below. If the vote fails, the issue simply comes back to the board for other contributions to be suggested.
> Only contributions addressing existing issues are re- warded. To receive a reward for an unsolicited contribu- tion, a contributor would need first to submit an issue and persuade the community it is worth addressing; given the quadratic nature of the matching, an individual adding an issue and contributing to it themselves can never be re- warded more than they contribute to the issue in credits. Thus an individual must persuade others of the value of their contribution in order to receive a net reward.
>Once a contribution is made, it goes to a vote. Any member with management credits can vote, and in line with the quadratic voting approach, it will cost v2 credits for a vote of strength v. Any individual can vote for or against, where votes against can be treated at a negative value of v for the sake of determining the outcome. As with any quadratic vote, there should be an appropriate time to allow for the vote to occur and the verdict after this time is simply the sum of the votes. In the simple case, all of the funds put into the issue during priority setting go to the contributor. All the credits used by members during voting flow directly into the general matching fund for priority setting4 .
> This act of simply voting is costly, meaning that mem- bers can spend earned trust to exert authority and influ- ence the direction of the organization or project. As a result, an early member of the community with few cred- its would find it proportionally quite costly to sway a vote relative to their means. This further means that members with few management credits have no incentive to do due diligence on contributions (often a significant workload) to determine their fit for the project.
> In order to incent lower authority members to partic- ipate in the vote and provide a signal of quality for the contribution, organization administrators can reward an additional prediction step by voters. Administrators will choose a parameter K that reduces the cost of voting rel- ative to prediction. The cost of voting will be Kv2 if no prediction of a correct vote is made, or Kv2 +v if a wager of v is made alongside the vote. The payouts for these correct predictions will come from the contribution pay- out and can be seen as a processing fee to incent analysis of the contribution.
> Predictors can choose to make no prediction without cost or wager exactly v additional credits that the outcome they voted for will succeed5 for a payout of 2v6. For large values of K (e.g., one or greater), voting would only be profitable for exceptionally small numbers of credits due to the quadratic cost of voting (although one can still mini- mize their losses by wagering v credits when the likelihood of passing is believed to be greater than 12 ). When K = 0, there is no cost to voting and one should (if one is risk- neutral) wager the maximum credits if they believe their vote will pass. This setting of K = 0 should be avoided and indeed Theorem 3 will show that K can and should be set high enough not to reduce the contribution payout more than expected. In general, administrators can learn over time what choices of K are needed to incent different mixtures of behavior.
>(5) Individuals can only be in the direction of their vote and in an amount capped by their vote, as this incents approximately truthful predictions from the logic of quadratic scoring rules (Selten, 1998).
>個々の人々は自分の投票の方向と投票によって上限が設定された金額のみで賭けることができます。
自分が正しいと思っている方向にしか掛けられない
>(6) Given no hedging and a quadratic vote, we will see in Theorem 1 that given the ability to wager any number between 0 and v, it is always optimal to wager v when you believe the probability of success is greater than a half.
> An important aspect of the mechanism is that this prediction reward is only positive for small votes. Due to the squared cost of voting, large votes with high impact will not ever be profitable for reasonable non-zero values of K. This is an important property such that existing authority figures with large sums of management credits are not rewarded for understanding the community preferences and rewards go to those who are seeking to increase their influence from modest means.
>Plural Management, while versatile in theory, encoun- ters practical challenges in diverse organizational scenar- ios. Its adaptability to both modern, open-source en- vironments and traditional hierarchical structures raises questions about its real-world efficacy and implementa- tion strategies. This section probes into these nuances, inviting deeper exploration and collaborative research to navigate the complexities of applying Plural Management in varying contexts.
>(1) In refining Plural Management’s quadratic vot- ing, it’s crucial to recognize and strategically address the potential for collusion within homogeneous socio-cultural groups in organizations, considering dimensions like location, department, role, and origin. Building on foun- dational research (Miller et al.), this approach advocates for a nuanced mechanism that actively discounts the disproportionate influence of these groups. Such a system would not only enhance fairness but also promote a gen- uinely diverse and representative decision-making process, ensuring that no single faction within the organizational tapestry exerts undue control, thus aligning more closely with the realities of complex organizational structures.
>(2) Can we extend this approach to create a multi- layered decision-making framework within organizations? This would involve developing independent yet intercon- nected systems for various organizational strata, such as departments or teams, each with its own tailored voting mechanism. Such a model could facilitate more localized and relevant decision-making, while maintaining coher- ence with the broader organizational objectives. This ap- proach merits exploration for its potential to harmonize individual group dynamics with the overall organizational structure.
>(3) While rational actors may be further motivated by extrinsic incentives, their overuse has the potential to cre- ate what is referred to as ’motivation crowding’ in which intrinsically driven contributors are discouraged from par- ticipating in a project (Frey and Jegen, 2000). While management credits are not by default monetary, the decision to distribute such rewards based on them must therefore be made in the context of existing organizational cultures.
>(4) The transparency of status hierarchies within orga- nizations, as is often studied with respect to salaries, can have meaningful impacts on contributor behavior (Cullen, 2023). While this can improve employee outcomes, it can also reduce internal collaboration and potentially harm long-term organizational objectives. Given its ease of im- plementation, plural management provides a sandbox for comparing and contrasting how public or private records of credits impact performance within a group.
>(5) Currently, individuals cannot directly send man- agement credits to another member, as a way to prevent off-book trading of management credit which could result in a market price for management authority. This helps prevent the financialization of management authority, and makes certain behaviors difficult or impossible. For example, if a founder wants to bring in a new member quickly to provide authority, they cannot directly send credits and must conduct elaborate PR rewards for this contributor that are voted on by the whole community (in some sense also preventing nepotism). Further, if a member wants to leave, they cannot transfer credits to others quickly aside from putting all credits in a matching fund. Future re- search into the implications of enabling direct trading is important before incorporating it.
>(6) Deciding when and how to promote an employee is a mission-critical question across organizations. How- ever, in large hierarchies employees are often promoted based on their performance in an existing role rather than their capacity to set high-level priorities leading to bad management (Benson et al., 2018). An evaluation of the effects plural management has on promotion results, for example by evaluating how top contributors perform in administrator roles, would be helpful.
>(7) The current design of plural management is fo- cused on a single organization, community, or project. Many large organizations are constructed as many sub- organizations working together in the form of depart- ments, units, or project teams. Future work could exam- ine the use of plural management to create multiple par- tially nested versions that allow management authority to be exercised within a sub-organization, while still allowing individuals to climb the ranks of larger workplaces.
>(8) Negative voting can provide a useful signal, but also has the potential to create polarization within group contexts (Weber, 2021). This has been observed empiri- cally within the context of quadratic funding rounds, such as those run by Gitcoin (Buterin, 2020). Running instances of plural management with and without negative voting could help further evaluate its psychological effects and impact on cooperative behavior.
>(9) When the result of a prediction market can be influenced by the members participating in it, the possibility of collusion to manipulate outcomes arises (Ottaviani and Sørensen, 2007). An analysis of how participants in plu- ral management vote with and without the opportunity to predict outcomes would be useful for understanding what if any limitations should be placed on rewards from this activity.
>Plural management is a protocol for bridging between the desired properties of rigid management hierarchies and flat decentralized organizations, allowing for the dynamic al- location of management authority based on longitudinal contributions of individuals to outcomes and management decisions. Through the adjustment of a voting-prediction discount parameter, administrators can reward new or low credit-holding members of a community for their work in performing due diligence of new contributions in line with the expected standards or higher-authority mem- bers. This management approach, which uses quadratic funding to solicit preference from a broad base of partici- pants, creates a closed credit system with no external mon- etary value, that can only be exercised within the project. While this design of a management protocol raises open questions about implementation choices and net outcomes on organizations’ productivity, it can built using standard software design practices and fits naturally into the work- flow of open-source projects. In total, this model of plural management could present a dynamic scalable approach to distributing authority and rewarding participation across projects of any scope, mission, or size.
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→サイボウズラボ勉強会×ブロードリスニングの「あの図」勉強会×ブロードリスニング×都知事選2024×talk_to_the_city×日テレnews×2024衆院選×ブロードリスニング×世論地図×Plurality和訳×japan_choice×議員pedia×投票ナビ×政治参加×社会参加×じぶんごと×可視化×11万人の意見クラスター分析×polis×aiによるクラスタ解説×mielka×結城_東輝×台湾デジタル発展省×mashbean×Funding the Commons Tokyo 2024×Glen Weyl×glen+japanchoice×Plurality×大きな物語×polis体験レポート:同性婚を合法化すべきか×Polis勉強会×polis:_scaling_deliberation_by_mapping_high_dimensional_opinion_spaces×主成分分析×シルエット係数×fisherの正確確率検定×convex_hull×d3.js×モバイルファースト×majority_judgement×多数決×polis_2.0×aiクラスタ解説×会社さんはいない×2022年参院選のpolis的可視化×東京大学谷口研究室・朝日新聞社共同調査×公明正大→
→サイボウズラボ勉強会×Funding the Commons Tokyo 2024×Designing for Plurality×plurality_in_japan×Plurality in Japan(日本語)×andrew_trask×ブロードリスニングの命名דringi_system”_the_decision_making_process_in_japanese_management_systems:_an_overview×空気が支配する日本ではブロードリスニングが重要×心理的安全性×なめらかな社会とその敵×audrey_tang×Glen Weyl×plurality:_technology_for_collaborative_diversity_and_democracy×pluralityは新語×チームワークあふれる社会を創る×理想への共感×100人100通りの働き方×100人100通りの人事制度×デジタルツール×多様性×サイロ化×funding_the_commons×柄谷行人×交換様式論×デジタル民主主義×アダム・スミス×colors.js事件×Beyond Public and Private×安宅_和人×intersecting_group×21世紀のイデオロギー×統合テクノクラシー×企業リバタリアニズム→
→Funding the Commons Tokyo 2024×plurality_in_japan×ftctokyo!×ftctokyo×talk_to_the_city×audrey_tang×Glen Weyl×plurality:_technology_for_collaborative_diversity_and_democracy×チームワークあふれる社会を創る×理想への共感×100人100通りの働き方×100人100通りの人事制度×デジタルツール×多様性×funding_the_commons×柄谷行人×交換様式論×デジタル民主主義×交換様式a×colors.js事件×Beyond Public and Private×安宅_和人×intersecting_group×21世紀のイデオロギー×統合テクノクラシー×企業リバタリアニズム×ブロードリスニング×主観か客観かではなく、一人の主観から大勢の主観へ×vtaiwan×polis×メディアとしてのグループウェア×生産性向上ソフトウェア×ソーシャルメディア×一丸となって共通の目標を達成×変化に適応×プロソーシャルメディア×グループウェア×副業×複業×パラレルワーク×理解され、実行されるまでの時間を短縮する×アジェンダ設定の権限×参加型政策立案×参加型予算編成×majority_judgement×Quadratic Voting×kj法の累積的効果×vtaiwanでuberに関する議論がどう進展したか×Meetup with Audrey & Glen×audrey+glen+halsk@cybozu×未来はすでにまだらに存在している×組織の境界×なめらか化×開門造車、你行你来×思惟経済説×plurality質疑@ftctokyo→
→plurality_tokyo_namerakaigi×サイボウズラボ勉強会×pol.is×community_notes×メカニズムデザイン勉強会×Majority Judgement勉強会×PluralityとPolis勉強会×Polis勉強会×Quadratic VotingとPlural Management勉強会×Talk to the City勉強会×世論地図勉強会×高次元データ分析勉強会×デジタル民主主義研究ユニット×ピボット×古典期アテネの民主主義のスケール×国民こそが唯一の正統な権威である×フランス革命×フランスでの女性参政権×一人一票×未成年者には投票権がない×成年被後見人の選挙権×ドメイン投票方式×デメニー投票×デーメニ投票×Quadratic Voting×Glen Weyl×QV×radical_markets×audrey_tang×vitalik_buterin×quadratic_funding×audrey_tangのqv×glen_weylのqv×quadratic_votingがシナジーの発見に有用×台湾総統杯ハッカソン×QVは投票しないことに意味のあるメカニズム×「投票しないことは良くないことだ」は根拠のない思い込み×vitalik_buterinらのquadratic_funding×A Flexible Design for Funding Public Goods×akb48総選挙×gitcoin×gitcoin_grants×公共財×リソースの再分配×社会的意思決定×メカニズムデザイン×多数決×くじ引き×抽選制×抽籤制×プラトン×アリストテレス×ジェームズ・マディソン×ジョン・スチュアート・ミル×アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル×選挙は4年に一度5bit送信する遅い通信だ×ブロードリスニング×polis×pol.isでのuberの議論×metaがファクトチェックを廃止×community_notesにおける行列分解を用いた信頼度スコアリング×多様な主体から支持されることを評価する仕組み×talk_to_the_city×日テレnews×2024衆院選×ブロードリスニング×シン東京2050ブロードリスニング×umap×世論地図×mielka×2024衆院選×japan_choice×meta-polisの構想×mashbean×協力の深さと広さのトレードオフ×plurality本×aiあんの×タウンミーティング×非同期化×空間と時間の制限から解き放つ×chatgptとaiあんののコミュニケーションの形の違い×ai政治家の3つのレベル×aiが間に入って非同期化×open_space_technology×アジェンダ設定の権限を人々に開放する×vitalik×主観主義×3つのイデオロギーの間に2つの対立軸がある×aiが仲介するコミュニケーション×bluemo×intersubjective_model_of_ai-mediated_communication:_augmenting_human-human_text_chat_through_llm-based_adaptive_agent_pair×時間の制約×心理的安全性×緩やかに繋ぐ×デジタル民主主義2030×同じ時間と場所を共有できない人に機会を用意×metapolis×スケーラビリティ×デジタル民主主義×コミュニティ×大規模コラボレーション×xy問題×熟議のための4つのステップ×リプライはスケールしない×リプライさせない×your_priorities×コトノハ→
→安野_貴博×鈴木_健×東_浩紀×プルラリティ×ゲンロン250626×ised×デジタル民主主義2030×アメリカ大統領選2024ロードトリップ×ハンナ・アーレント×革命について×革命×自由の創設×タウン・ミーティング×評議会×natality×政府効率化省×doge×なめらかな社会とその敵×21世紀のイデオロギー×差異があるという意味において平等×協力の深さと広さのトレードオフ×pluralityとハイプカーブ×ハイプカーブ×community_notes×pol.is×pol.isでのuberの議論×Quadratic Voting×quadratic_funding×talk_to_the_city×ブロードリスニングが国会で野党が総理大臣に質問するために使われた事例×ハーバーガー税×joi_ito×創発民主制×weblog×草の根の民主主義×emergent_democracy×伊藤穣一×ブログ×rss×双方向メディア×下からの自己組織化×歴史は循環する、しかし内容はより高次のものとなる×似た物が昔にもあった型思考×テクノ封建制×civilization×東京大学Pluralityセミナー2025-05-12×統合テクノクラシー×企業リバタリアニズム×デジタル民主主義×ブロードリスニングが1年で標準戦略に×ひまわり学生運動×radicalxchange×Why I Am not a Market Radical×plurality(2022)×pluralityは無色の新語として作られた×tokyo_plurality_week_2025×d/acc×マルクス主義×加速主義×柄谷行人×世界史の構造×マルクスその可能性の中心×探究_ⅰ×誤配×ルクレティウス×ずれ×すべてのものには裂け目がある。そこから光が差し込む×一般意志×全体主義×単一性×エロイーズ×訂正可能性×垂直的×単一的×カール・シュミット×カール・シュミットの「議会批判」と「独裁」論×コネクテッド・ソサイエティ×ダニエル・アレン×規範的plurality×アジェンダ設定の権限を人々に開放する×請願権×オンライン請願×james_s._fishkin×詐欺犯罪危害防制條例×mini-public×いどばた政策×stanford_online_deliberation_platform×forkability×正統性×自己主権型アイデンティティ×伊藤_孝行×安野チーム台湾報告会×audrey+glen+colin+pmt研究会×【オードリータン✖️小川淳也】未来を共創するデジタル民主主義×玉木雄一郎+plurality×愚行権×audrey+tbs_cross_dig×裏ハイデガーとしてのアーレント×今北勢問題×訂正可能性の哲学×家族性×家族×動的な認知的膜×ホロン×クリプキのクワス算×truth_social×政治家は猫になる×社会資本が王である世界×アテンションエコノミー×贈与経済×台湾の同性婚は親族にならない×2ステップの熟議×アーレントのwork×ファンダム→
→サイボウズラボ勉強会×Plurality in Japan(サイボウズラボ)×Funding the Commons Tokyo 2024×Talk to the City勉強会×tttc:_aiと著作権に関するパブリックコメント×サイボウズと語ろうPlurality 多元性の実践と期待×2024-09-08-民主主義を支える技術×ブロードリスニング×meetup_with_thomas_hardjono×ソーシャル物理学×テクノロジーとわたしたちの「距離感」が変われば、誰も取り残されない社会がつくれるかもしれない×デジタル民主主義×ブロードリスニングの「あの図」×階層組織×ティール組織×個人情報とマネタイズ×成蹊大学×2019年度武蔵野市寄付講座「itとルールの今・未来」×計画経済×LLMがもたらす組織構造の変化×ブラウン組織×Plurality Tokyo×PluralityとPolis勉強会×主観か客観かではなく、一人の主観から大勢の主観へ×情報の複製により情報発信は効率化されたが、受信は改善しない、情報を減らす技術が必要×関_治之×激動の2024年5月下旬×ミーム化×asia_blockchain_summit_2024×サイロ化×組織の境界×なめらか化×plurality_in_japan×良い議論ができる場を可視化の後につける×可視化×aiあんの×u理論×ソーシャルフィールドを耕す×mashbean×dx&ai_forum_2024×生成aiで作るデジタル民主主義の未来×「聴く」「磨く」「伝える」のサイクル×human_in_the_loop×people_in_the_loop×オモイカネ勉強会×chatgptとaiあんののコミュニケーションの形の違い×社会的学習×アイデアの流れを混ぜてアイデアの多様性を増す×組織としての学習×集団的知性×複数組織とブロードリスニング×個人的文脈×当事者意識×ファウンダーマーケットフィット×熱意×proj-broadlistening×social_hack_day→
→Funding the Commons Tokyo 2024×濱田_太陽×デジタル民主主義×柄谷行人×世界史の構造×新たな社会システム×ローレンス・レッシグ×デジタル時代の法と自由×ビットコイン×分散型技術×イーサリアム×スマートコントラクト×分散型サイエンス×desci×desci_tokyo×audrey_tang×Glen Weyl×Plurality×デジタル公共財×なめらかな社会とその敵→
→週記2023-12-31~2024-01-11×prosym65×週記の切り替え×words_as_public_goods×Glen in Japan×科学未来館×小規模コミュニティにおける政治参加×words_as_public_goods_english_replay(wip)×social_hack_day×尾鷲2024-01-23~24→
→スケールしないことをやる×civictech×colors.js×デュアルライセンス×コンプライアンス×スーツはスキャム×開発可能な探索空間に対して試行回数が足りていない×長い目で見れば時の試練×長期的にはみんな死んでる×異常の構造×美作市×cryptoninja×エルサルバドルとビットコイン×固い組織×変わらなきゃ×出島×現代美術×ハイコンテキスト大喜利×ハイコンテキスト×大喜利×空気を読んで空気を壊す×空気を読む×村上隆×スーパーフラット×新しい文脈を生み出す×文脈×less_wrong×アライメント×報酬×doomalism×コンセプチュアルアライメント×知的な2ちゃんねる×バズワード×陰謀論者×エリートパニック×はしか×the_network_state:_how_to_start_a_new_country×balaji_srinivasan×ニック・ランドと新反動主義×金沢21世紀美術館×ロスコ・ルーム×plural_qf×joel_miller×Glen Weyl×Beyond Collusion Resistance: Leveraging Social Information for Plural Funding and Voting×quadratic_funding×shinya_mori×dig_dao×mariroom×蒸し返すことで非線形に成長する→